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What are measurement uncertainties?

Measurements and tests cannot be one hundred percent accurate. Fluctuations in material properties in the sample volumes, or the slightest changes in the testing process and testing device, always give rise to fluctuations in the test results. This raises the first question:

What impact do such fluctuations have on the test results?

For economic reasons, the “real value” of a material or component property cannot be exactly determined – this would require very, very many measurements. In practice, the work is conducted via small samples – for example, three tests. This raises the second question:

How well do the results from small samples represent the real material values?

Both questions can be answered using mathematical and statistical methods. Measurement uncertainty plays a significant role in this. It describes a range around the mean value for the sample (confidence interval) in which the real value is found with a pre-defined probability (confidence level).  

Test results must always also include the related measurement uncertainty, as this is the only way to ensure that tests can be correctly evaluated and well-founded decisions can be made as to whether to accept or reject products.

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